MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways

The MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. The four major MAPK signaling pathways (ERK1/2, ERK5, JNK1/2, and p38) regulate cell survival (ERK1/2 and ERK5) and apoptosis (JNK1/2 and p38) via the expression of transcription factors. The PI3K signaling pathway is involved in cell growth via AKT1/2 proteins. Death (Fas/CD95, TNF-R, DR3-5) and growth (HER family and IGF-1 receptors) receptors are located in lipid rafts and can be activated during coalescence of ceramide-enriched raft platform. They facilitate the cross talk between death or growth signaling from the membrane environment and intracellular signaling cascades. FAK and PYK-2 serve as scaffold proteins to facilitate the functional integration of focal adhesion proteins, such as paxillin, involved in Ca2+ homeostasis and can phosphorylate PI3K. ERK, extracellular signal-related kinase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; JNK, c-JUN N-terminal kinase; PTEN, prime time entertainment network. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars

Publication

Targeted and Off-Target (Bystander and Abscopal) Effects of Radiation Therapy: Redox Mechanisms and Risk/Benefit Analysis. (2018) Jean-Pierre Pouget, et al. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2018 Nov 20;29(15):1447-1487. Figure: F12. Homo sapiens

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