Anaerobic metabolic pathways in C. reinhardtii. Pathways at the upper right are proposed for succinate production and NADH reoxidation in the hydEF-1 mutant. Proteins encoded in the C. reinhardtii genome that are associated with the metabolisms depicted include the following: ACK, acetate kinase; ADH, bifunctional acetylaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol dehydrogenase only in the case of the PDC pathway); FDX, ferredoxin; FMR, fumarate reductase; FUM, fumarase; HYD, hydrogenase; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; MME, malic enzyme; PAT, phosphate acetyltransferase; PDC, pyruvate decarboxylase; PEPC, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; PFL, pyruvate formate-lyase; PFR, pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; PYC, pyruvate carboxylase; PYK, pyruvate kinase. Known or putative cellular localizations of the proteins depicted are coded by color as follows: green for the chloroplast, red for the mitochondrion, orange for dual chloroplast/mitochondrion localization, blue for cytoplasm, and black for unknown. The cellular localizations of MDH1, -3, and -4, ACK2, PFL, and PAT1 were experimentally determined by Allmer et al. () and Atteia et al. (), respectively. The cellular localizations of the other enzymes were determined using ChloroP, TargetP, and Predotar softwares and are highly speculative. When possible a final predicted localization was determined by doing an average of all predictions.
