Outline of melatonin biosynthesis in the fish pineal gland

Outline of melatonin biosynthesis in the fish pineal gland []. (A) Photoreceptive and transmission system; (B) Melatonin synthesis pathway; (C) Biological functions of melatonin. Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT, shown highlighted in the center of the figure), is the key to melatonin biosynthesis in vertebrates, being upregulated and downregulated on a circadian rhythm with other neuromodulators. AANAT exists in tetrapods as a single gene, whereas there are three genes in teleosts (AANAT1a, AANAT1b, and AANAT2). BP contains all the three AANATs, whereas PM has lost AANAT1a []. Abbreviations: AAAD, aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylase; ASMT, acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase; Ca, calcium; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; HTrp, 5-hydroxytryptophan; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; NAS, N-acetylserotonin; MEL, melatonin; Trp, tryptophan; TPH, tryptophan hydroxylase.

Publication

Mudskippers and Their Genetic Adaptations to an Amphibious Lifestyle. (2018) Xinxin You, et al. Animals (Basel). 2018 Feb;8(2):24. Figure: F3. All organisms Bos taurus Homo sapiens Mus musculus Gallus gallus Drosophila melanogaster

Disease mentions