Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed signaling pathway involved in cigarette smoke extract-induced increase in expressions of inflammatory genes in airway smooth muscle cells

Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed signaling pathway involved in cigarette smoke extract-induced increase in expressions of inflammatory genes in airway smooth muscle cells. Cigarette smoke extract activates the TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6 signaling leading to the formation of a complex encompassing c-Src, p47phox and NADPH oxidase. The activated NADPH oxidase then promotes generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn initiates the activation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways (e.g., MAPKs and PI3K/Akt) and transcription factors (e.g., AP-1 and NF-κB) and ultimately induces the increase in expressions of various inflammatory genes (modified from ; ).

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Airway Inflammation and Hypersensitivity Induced by Chronic Smoking. () Yu Ru Kou, et al. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. ;178(3):395-405. Figure: F6. All organisms Mus musculus Rattus norvegicus Canis lupus familiaris Cavia porcellus Homo sapiens Drosophila melanogaster

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