Retinoic acid dependent regulation of immune responses by dendritic cells and macrophages
Retinoic acid (RA) is produced from vitamin A (retinol) via a two-step enzymatic pathway that oxidizes retinol to retinaldehyde and then retinaldehyde to RA. Oxidation of retinol to retinaldehyde requires the activities of several alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH-1,-4,-5) and subsequently, retinaldehyde is oxidized to retinoic acid by retinal dehydrogenases (RALDH). RA produced by DCs acts on T- and B-lymphocytes, and induces the mucosal homing receptors α4β7-integrin, and CCR9. RA in the presence of TGF-β promotes the conversion of naïve T cells in to Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and at high concentration inhibits the differentiation of Th-17 cells. In addition, RA synergizes with IL-6 and IL-5 and promotes class switching to IgA in B cells.
Publication
Retinoic acid dependent regulation of immune responses by dendritic cells and macrophages. () Santhakumar Manicassamy, et al. Semin Immunol. ;21(1):22-27. Figure: F1.| Organism | Group | Word | Match | Source | NCBI Symbol | NCBI ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | Primates | ADH1 | ADH1 | ncbigene_synonym | ADH1A | 124 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | ADH4 | ADH4 | ncbigene_symbol | ADH4 | 127 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | ADH4 | ADH4 | ncbigene_synonym | ADH7 | 131 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | ADH5 | ADH5 | ncbigene_symbol | ADH5 | 128 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | ADH5 | ADH5 | ncbigene_synonym | ADH6 | 130 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | APC | APC | ncbigene_symbol | APC | 324 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | APC | APC | ncbigene_synonym | PROC | 5624 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | ALDH1A1 | ALDH1A1 | ncbigene_symbol | ALDH1A1 | 216 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | IL-5 | IL-5 | ncbigene_synonym | IL5 | 3567 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | IL-6 | IL-6 | ncbigene_synonym | IL6 | 3569 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | IgA+ | IGA | ncbigene_synonym | CD79A | 973 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | CCR9+ | CCR9 | ncbigene_symbol | CCR9 | 10803 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | CCR9+ | CCR9 | ncbigene_synonym | ACKR2 | 1238 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | FoxP3+ | FOXP3 | ncbigene_symbol | FOXP3 | 50943 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | RAR | RAR | ncbigene_synonym | RARA | 5914 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | RAR | RAR | ncbigene_synonym | RAB40B | 10966 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | RAR | RAR | famplex_relations | RARB | 5915 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | RAR | RAR | famplex_relations | RARG | 5916 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | RAR/RXR | RXR | famplex_relations | RXRA | 6256 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | RAR/RXR | RXR | famplex_relations | RXRB | 6257 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | RAR/RXR | RXR | famplex_relations | RXRG | 6258 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | TGF-B | TGFB | ncbigene_synonym | TGFB1 | 7040 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | TGF-B | TGFB | famplex_relations | TGFB2 | 7042 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | TGF-B | TGFB | famplex_relations | TGFB3 | 7043 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | TGF-B/IL-10 | IL-10 | ncbigene_synonym | IL10 | 3586 |
| Word | Match | MeSH | Name | ChEBI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retinoic Acid | Tretinoin | mesh:D014212 | all-trans-retinoic acid | chebi:15367 |
| Retinol | Vitamin A | mesh:D014801 | all-trans-retinol | chebi:17336 |
Disease mentions
| Word | Match | MeSH | Name | DOID |
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