MAPK pathway

MAPK pathway. Abbreviations: GPCR, G protein coupled receptors; GTPase, guanosine triphosphatases. MAPK are a family of serine–threonine protein kinases widely conserved among eukaryotes and are involved in many cellular programs such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell movement, and cell death. MAPK signaling cascades are organized hierarchically into three-tiered modules. MAPKs (Erk) are phosphorylated and activated by MAPK-kinases (MAPKKs), (MEK1/2), which in turn are phosphorylated and activated by MAPKK-kinases (MAPKKKs), (Raf). The MAPKKKs are in turn activated by interaction with the family of small GTPases and/or other protein kinases (Ras, Rap1), connecting the MAPK module to cell surface receptors or external stimuli. An activated Erk dimer can regulate targets in the cytosol and also translocate to the nucleus where it phosphorylates a variety of transcription factors regulating gene expression.

Publication

Mechanisms of Acquired Androgen Independence during Arsenic-Induced Malignant Transformation of Human Prostate Epithelial Cells. (2007) Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa, et al. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb;115(2):243-247. Figure: F4. All organisms Danio rerio Homo sapiens

Disease mentions