Schematics of proposed pathway for beneficial effects of L-carnitine on lipid parameters
Schematics of proposed pathway for beneficial effects of L-carnitine on lipid parameters. L-carnitine enhanced the mitochondrial oxidation (beta-oxidation) of long Chain-Acyl CoA. Carnitine can reduce the availability of free fatty acids (FFAs), diminish conversion of FFAs to triglycerides. L-carnitine can affect cholesterol synthesis pathway (mevalonate pathway) via inhibition of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase activity. Carnitine can improve lipid profile by modifying the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism signaling including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR α & γ), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). Also, carnitine can protect LDLs from oxidative stress and promotes the synthesis of HDL via increment in Apo-A1 level. Carnitine Acylcarnitine translocase (CACT); Carnitine palmitoyi transferase II (CPT2); Carnitine palmitoyi transferase I (CPT1); Long Acyl-CoA synthetase (LACS).
Publication
The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile in adults: an umbrella meta-analysis on interventional meta-analyses (2023) Vali Musazadeh, et al. Front Nutr. 2023;10(NA):1214734. Figure: F6.| Organism | Group | Word | Match | Source | NCBI Symbol | NCBI ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | Primates | PPARa | PPARA | ncbigene_symbol | PPARA | 5465 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | HDL | HDL | ncbigene_synonym | HSD11B1 | 3290 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | HDL | HDL | famplex_relations | ALB | 213 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | HDL | HDL | famplex_relations | APOA1 | 335 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | HDL | HDL | famplex_relations | APOA2 | 336 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | HDL | HDL | famplex_relations | APOE | 348 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | HDL | HDL | famplex_relations | CLU | 1191 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | HMGCR | HMGCR | ncbigene_symbol | HMGCR | 3156 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | ATP | ATP | ncbigene_synonym | ATP8A2 | 51761 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | AMP | AMP | ncbigene_synonym | APRT | 353 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | AMP | AMP | ncbigene_synonym | MFAP1 | 4236 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | LACS | LACS | ncbigene_synonym | ACSL1 | 2180 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | CPT2 | CPT2 | ncbigene_symbol | CPT2 | 1376 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | CPTI | CPTI | ncbigene_synonym | CPT1B | 1375 |
| Homo sapiens | Primates | CACT | CACT | ncbigene_synonym | SLC25A20 | 788 |
| Word | Match | MeSH | Name | ChEBI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetyl-CoA | acetyl-CoA | 3'-phosphonatoadenosine 5'-(3-{(3R)-4-[(3-{[2-(acetylsulfanyl)ethyl]amino}-3-oxopropyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl} diphosphate) | chebi:57288 | |
| Acetoacetyl-CoA | acetoacetyl-CoA | 3'-phosphonatoadenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-{[3-oxo-3-({2-[(3-oxobutanoyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}amino)propyl]amino}butyl] diphosphate} | chebi:57286 | |
| HDL | HDL | chebi:39025 | ||
| HMG-CoA | HMG-CoA | 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-4-({3-[(2-{[(3S)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}amino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutyl] dihydrogen diphosphate} | chebi:15467 | |
| ROS | ROS | chebi:26523 | ||
| Cholesterol | cholesterol | cholesterol | chebi:16113 | |
| LDL | LDL | chebi:39026 | ||
| Triglyceride | Triglyceride | chebi:90073 | ||
| FFA | FFA | 2-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino}benzoic acid | chebi:42638 | |
| Carnitine | CARNITINE | (2R)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium | chebi:39547 | |
| COASH | CoASH | 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-{3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-({3-oxo-3-[(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]propyl}amino)butyl] dihydrogen diphosphate} | chebi:15346 | |
| FFA | FFA | 2-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino}benzoic acid | chebi:42638 |
Disease mentions
| Word | Match | MeSH | Name | DOID |
|---|