Activation of MAPK and TGF‐B‐SMAD signaling pathways in macrophages

Activation of MAPK and TGF‐β‐SMAD signaling pathways in macrophages. MAPK signaling pathway can be activated by molecules such as TGF‐β and EGF. The MAPK signal cascade consists of three kinds of protein kinases (MAP3K, MAP2K, and MAPK), which transmit upstream signals to downstream response molecules through sequential phosphorylation. Raf and MEKKs belong to MAP3K; MEKs belong to MAP2K; JNK, ERKs and p38 belong to MAPK. AP‐1, a heterodimer composed of c‐Fos and c‐Jun. TGF‐β activates SMAD4 via SMAD2/3 to regulate the expression of M2 polarization‐related genes. Abbreviations: EGF, epidermal growth factor; SHC, Src homolog and collagen homolog; GRB2, growth factor receptor‐bound protein 2; SOS, son of sevenless; MAP3K, mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase; MEK, mitogen‐activated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, MAP2K, mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase; JNK, c‐Jun kinase; ERK, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase; MAPK, mitogen‐activated protein kinase; ATF2, activating transcription factor 2; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐β; TβR, TGF‐β receptor; SMAD, Sma‐ and Mad‐related protein; SARA, the SMAD anchor for receptor activation; Smurf2, SMAD‐specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2; RhoA, Ras homolog family member A. (Created with BioRender.com).

Publication

Signaling pathways in macrophages: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets (2023) Ming Li, et al. MedComm (2020). 2023 Oct;4(5):e349. Figure: F4. Homo sapiens

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