Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin

Dopamine and bilirubin metabolism, biological effects, and shared signaling pathway. (a) Cartoon showing dopamine (left) and bilirubin (right) metabolism. (b) Cartoon resuming the principal effectors of DA dysregulation in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions described in this paper (left), and the potential beneficial effects of YPS based both on clinic and experimental information (right), and the main signaling pathway shared between the neurologic conditions and YPs (middle). ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; L-DOPA: L-dihydroxyphenylalanine; DA: dopamine; MAO: monoamine oxidase; DOPAL: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde; ALDH: aldehyde dehydrogenases; DOPAC: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; COMT: catechol-o-methyltransferase; HVA: homovanilic acid. Heme: hemoglobin; HMOX: heme oxygenase; BV: biliverdin; BLVR: biliverdin reductase; UCB: unconjugated bilirubin («bilirubin»); UGT1a1: uridine-glucuronosyl transferase 1a1; CB: conjugated bilirubin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; noOS: unreactive oxygen species; PD: Parkinson’s disease; NOS: nitrogen reactive species; COX2: cyclooxygenase 2; CXCL12: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IL: interleukin; TLR4: Toll-Like Receptor 4; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NFkβ: Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B; RE: responsive elements; TNF-R1: tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD: autism spectrum disorder; IFN: interferon; Dp: depression; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; Add: addiction; DR5: dopamine receptor 5; MS: multiple sclerosis; Sch: schizophrenia; EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (model of MS. multiple sclerosis).

Publication

Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin. (2023) Sri Jayanti, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul;24(14):11478. Figure: F2. All organisms Drosophila melanogaster Homo sapiens

Disease mentions