Metabolic regulation of dendritic cell activation and immune function during inflammation

Cellular metabolism networks. (A) Glucose is imported from the extracellular environment and can either be converted to glycogen or oxidized during glycolysis to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Pyruvate produced by glycolysis can be partially oxidized to lactate to quickly regenerate the consumed nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), or it can be translocated into the mitochondria and completely oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The TCA cycle can also be powered by fatty acids through fatty acid oxidation or glutamine through glutaminolysis. Electrons released by glycolysis and the TCA cycle enter the electron transport chain, which is made up of complex I-V (CI-CV), where ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (B) Acetyl-CoA from pyruvate enters the TCA cycle in mitochondria. Reactions in the cycle produce NADH and FADH, which act as substrates for the electron transport chain (ETC) and thus support OXPHOS and ATP production. Figure 2 was created with Biorender.com. ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CoA, coenzyme A; CPT1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; CTP, citrate transport protein; F6P, fructose 6 phosphate; FASN, fatty acid synthase; G6P, glucose 6 phosphate; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1; HK2, hexokinase 2; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; MPC1, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PKM2, pyruvate kinase isozyme M2;PPP, pentose phosphate pathway.

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Metabolic regulation of dendritic cell activation and immune function during inflammation. (2023) Lili Wu, et al. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1140749. Figure: F2. All organisms Mus musculus Homo sapiens Drosophila melanogaster

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